How Do Employees Of XXX Perceive the Effectiveness of the Companys Research Paper - 1

How Do Employees Of XXX Perceive the Effectiveness of the Companys Staff Appraisal System - Research Paper Example Considering the exploration question, what comprises a powerful execution evaluation should be resolved first, so as to acknowledge, relate to and sympathize with staff observations. Self-awareness is a fundamental component for both individual and authoritative advantages, and execution examinations are the best methods for distinguishing the preparation needs of staff, just as being an efficient instrument for assessing the principles of staff execution, deciding pay rates and headways and identifying any variables that encroach on staff viability. A successful examination framework is one that thinks about social qualities (Feng, Foster and Healing), that is seen by staff as being reasonable and satisfactory, that is a corresponding participation among staff and the executives and one that is proper to every day obligations (Duraisingam and Skinner, 2005). Such a framework encourages staff fulfillment and inspiration. Various factors other than execution evaluation techniques must be viewed as when building up another and compelling framework; different variables that may clarify staff impression of individual examinations are reasonableness and social mindfulness. Kavanagh, Benson and Brown (2007) examine hypothetical help for execution examination forms and clarify that such help is confirm in ‘control hypothesis and social trade theory’ (p.134). Procedure control hypothesis suggests that staff impression of decency are identified with the level of control every representative can utilize inside the procedure (Konovsky, 2000, p.493 refered to in Kavanagh, Benson and Brown, 2007). Social trade hypothesis, then again, alludes to ‘relationships that involve unknown future obligations’ (Kavanagh, Benson and Brown, 2007, p. 134), wherein the manner in which the board treats workers is of hugeness. Reasonableness, in this manner, might be seen comparable to the measure of con trol a worker has inside the procedure and the manner by which their appraiser handles the process.â

Creative Writing A Dream Come True Essay Example For Students

Experimental writing: A Dream Come True Essay Experimental writing: A Dream Come TrueChad Jay Yr.11There I was, perched on my bed at 2:30 am. Pondering about the fantasy Ijust had. In addition to the fact that it was moronic, I have never had such an unusual dream. Itwas extremely extraordinary. The fantasy was about a little pooch. The pooch was strolling on my chest, whileI was lying on something delicate. I think it was a sleeping pad. The pup walkedtowards y midsection. I realized that it was going to chomp. Get lost. I shouted. The pooch resisted the urge to panic. Presently it was remaining on my abdomen. It brought down itscute head, and sniffed my pockets. I was astounded. Why didnt it chomp? At that point thedog was strolling towards my chest. This time I wasnt frightened. It opened its mouthand brought down its head once more. This time my heart gazed to pound. Was it going tobite me? No, it simply licked my cheek. Indeed, even before it wrapped up my cheek,I woke up. I didnt comprehend what I envisioned about. After thinkingabout the fantasy for around ten minutes a returned to rest. By next morning I had disregarded the fantasy. That morning , Iwas late obviously. I raced to the bus station with my portfolio. My tie flew in themorning wind. Just thing that I trusted was that I would not be late to work, Ihad been cautioned couple of times about me being late. Fortunately the transport too waslate of course. As I was barricading the transport I searched for an empty seat. What I saw thenwas very unimaginable. Rather than searching for a vacant seat I was perving on abeautiful lady. She appeared to be in her mid 20s. The most exceptional featureshe had was her appealing blue eyes. Her unmistakable eyes did truly astonish me. Shehad reasonable smooth skin and sparkly fair hair. I have never observed any one sobeautiful in my entire life. I saw her reasonable blue eyes once more, however this timeI understood that they were gazing directly back at me. I was truly humiliated. All I figured out how to do was to grin. At the point when I did, she grinned back at me. Her smilereally coordinated her excellence. I was enraptured by her looks. Your change mate. Said the driver as he gave me the ticket and thechange. I was astounded to see that there was an unfilled seat close to her. Whydidnt any other individual sit close to her, didnt they notice her magnificence? I knewexactly where to sit. As I sat close to her, she grinned and presented herself. Iwas truly astounded. I realized that it was my day of reckoning. Howdy. She stated, Im Lisa. Whats your name?. UmIam Jack I muttered. I havent seen you getting this busbefore. There were such a significant number of things I needed to ask her, yet I didnt know whereto start. Where accomplish you work?. Lisa inquired. Province Bank, the City branch I answered What about you?Thompson Solicitors, Its in Bourke Street. I guess you are going tocatch a train too?. Lisa replied. Indeed. I generally get open vehicle to work since I dont have tobother about leaving. I said. During the following half hour we both traded our considerations and sentiments. Ialso discovered that she was twenty-two and in particular, single. I feltreally fortunate. We both got off the train together. We were clasping hands. I knewthat I would be behind schedule for work by and by. I didnt truly care about work, all Ihad in my psyche was Lisa. As we were strolling down the Flinders Street Station Ifelt extremely exceptional. She out of nowhere stoped. She turned towards me and gazed inmy eyes. She kissed me and said that she needed to go. .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b , .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .postImageUrl , .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b , .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:hover , .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:visited , .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:active { border:0!important; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:active , .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue6ae2 e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue6ae2e5ac58960b1bae340cd21f07d4b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Social issues of Police Discretion EssayWhere would you say you are going?. I asked tragically. I need to go to work. Lisa answered. She embraced me again and left. At the point when she embraced me whenever felt abnormal. Noone has ever embraced me that firmly. I strolled towards the Elizabeth Street exit. All I was pondering wasLisa. Will I ever observe her again? I didnt notice the ticket Inspector until hetapped me on the shoulder and mentioned to see my ticket. I felt my back pocketfor my wallet. It wasnt there. Truth be told it wasnt in any of my pockets. Whathappened to my wallet, I pondered. I told the Inspector that I have lost mywallet. He said that it wasnt an adequate explanation behind going on publictransport without a ticket, and expressed to compose my fine. As he gave me the$100 fine I expressed to consider my wallet. What's more, Lisa. Presently it appeared to be all the more obvious to me. Lisa probably been a pick-pocket. I didsee an article about pick-pockets working in the city. I felt reallyhumiliated. I couldnt accept how moronic I was. I will always remember Lisa, orthis episode. I did truly appreciate the second that we kissed. In any case, I cant believehow somebody that excellent could be such a bitch. As I showed up busy working, I was stood up to by the director. He truly waspissed a me. Subsequent to shouting his head off at me, he inquired as to why I was late. Iexplained the entire story to him. From his outward appearance I realized that hedidnt trust me. He said that he couldnt set up with me any more, and firedme. I truly was having an awful day. I lost my wallet containing $160, got a $100fine for getting a train without a ticket and in conclusion lost my employment. All thanks tothat bitch Lisa.

Week4A4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week4A4 - Essay Example Secrecy will permit the approved client to get to the organization data. Uprightness will permit the protected transmission of information and data from the sender to the recipient. Around here situation, the emphasis is on safe hand-off of organization data, for example, messages and safe buyer exchange over the web, for example, online buys. Accessibility manages the auspicious and secure access of mentioned data to the organization and client (Habiyaremye, 2011). All these three segments are interlinked together in a framework. Frameworks are defenseless against dangers and vulnerabilities. A helplessness is characterized as a shortcoming in the framework which isn't really known by the client and the assailant. A risk is a potential assault coordinated to the framework. Nonetheless, the framework isn't really defenseless. Our site will be made resistant to dangers through preventive estimates that will be given beneath. Since a framework can't be 100% secure, we foresee building a security framework that will address all the security issues as and ensure safe exchange. So as to accomplish this, we arrange security highlights into four and manage them independently. A standard customer server model contains three parts; the server framework, the system and the customer framework. So as to make sure about the exchange between the customer and the business, we are going to utilize the firewall in our interior frameworks. A firewall is a mix of programming projects and equipment types that permit just outer confided in clients to sidestep a secured arrange. By introducing a firewall, undesirable clients and projects are kept from getting to the framework. We will utilize neutral ground innovation utilizing two firewalls, the external and the internal firewall. The external firewall will contain open ports that will permit approaching and active HTTP demands. The customers program will in this manner be permitted to impart

Free Essays on Milestones In Communications

The abilities of current correspondences would totally bewilder our precursors. Did you ever stop to believe that it took five months for Queen Isabella to know about Columbus' disclosure, or that it took fourteen days for Europe to learn of Lincoln's death? We underestimate quick updates on everything that is going on the planet, however it was not generally so. Present day innovation and future expectations are simpler to fathom when we see them regarding our past. What follows next is a rundown of what we think about a portion of the more critical occasions in the records of correspondence. Our rundown is self-assertive and incorporates things picked for mechanical development, yet for innovativeness and human enthusiasm too. The Battle of Marathon „o Pheidippides' Run For a considerable length of time, the speed of correspondence was, generally, the speed of transportation. Maybe no occasion so performs this constraint as Pheidippides' run following the clash of Marathon in 490 BC. As told in the history books, a severely dwarfed Greek power vanquished an attacking Persian armed force on the fields of Marathon, 20 miles from Athens. Expecting that the crushed Persians would pull together and assault Athens and that the city would give up without knowing about the triumph, the Greek general dispatched his swiftest sprinter, Pheidippides. As he arrived at the city, Pheidippides lurched, conveyed his message, and fell dead of weariness. Paul Revere⠡â ¦s Ride One if via land and two if via ocean alludes to lamps dangled from the North Church in Boston in 1775 to demonstrate the course the British were taking. The lamps were the sign for Paul Revere to start his well known 12 PM ride, maybe the most celebrated correspondence in American history, deified by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's sonnet. In fact, Revere made two rides, on April 16 (to caution the loyalists to move their military supplies) and again on April 18 (to advise the individuals to wage war.) Few individuals realize that Revere ... Free Essays on Milestones In Communications Free Essays on Milestones In Communications The capacities of current correspondences would completely amaze our progenitors. Did you ever stop to feel that it took five months for Queen Isabella to know about Columbus' revelation, or that it took fourteen days for Europe to learn of Lincoln's death? We underestimate quick updates on everything that is going on the planet, yet it was not generally so. Current innovation and future expectations are simpler to appreciate when we see them as far as our past. What follows next is a rundown of what we think about a portion of the more huge occasions in the archives of correspondence. Our rundown is self-assertive and incorporates things picked for mechanical development, however for imagination and human enthusiasm too. The Battle of Marathon „o Pheidippides' Run For quite a long time, the speed of correspondence was, fundamentally, the speed of transportation. Maybe no occasion so performs this confinement as Pheidippides' run following the skirmish of Marathon in 490 BC. As told in the history books, a gravely dwarfed Greek power vanquished an attacking Persian armed force on the fields of Marathon, 20 miles from Athens. Expecting that the vanquished Persians would refocus and assault Athens and that the city would give up without knowing about the triumph, the Greek general dispatched his swiftest sprinter, Pheidippides. As he arrived at the city, Pheidippides lurched, conveyed his message, and fell dead of depletion. Paul Revere⠡â ¦s Ride One if via land and two if via ocean alludes to lights swung from the North Church in Boston in 1775 to show the course the British were taking. The lights were the sign for Paul Revere to start his acclaimed 12 PM ride, maybe the most celebrated correspondence in American history, deified by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's sonnet. In fact, Revere made two rides, on April 16 (to caution the nationalists to move their military supplies) and again on April 18 (to advise the individuals to wage war.) Few individuals realize that Revere ...

Human Cloning Is it Morally Ethical - Free Essay Example

Human cloning has been the center of attention in the science world for years. It seems to always be a topic that pops up quite frequently. Human cloning is relatively known but there is always some realm of unknown. When two humans get pregnant, that is obviously a form of sexual reproduction. However, cloning is a form of asexual reproduction. When you would clone a human, you would take a part of a cell out of one human and then inject it into a host egg so then the work is already done for you. You have a human cell that just got injected into your egg. This baby would not be a child of yours. It would be your carbon copy clone. A clone has yet to be a title that a baby as been born with. Human cloning is a topic that many are debating if it is moral or ethical. In my personal beliefs, I believe that human cloning is wrong. Any way you look at it, I still feel as though it is wrong and should not even be a possibility. As a Christian, I believe that human cloning is an act of playing God. I believe that God created us all individually and cloning human beings would make us have no need for Him. In Psalms it says, For you formed my inward parts; you knitted me together in my mothers womb. I praise you, for I am fearfully and wonderfully made. Wonderful are your works; my soul knows it very well (Psalm 139:13-14). This verse is everything to Christians. This verse is extremely special to me because when I feel worthless and I feel like God is not there, He is always there. He knew I would be born on April 20, 2003 even before my parents did. His hand was in every part of me being created. He knew that eventually I would go to school at First Coast Christian School. He knew it all before I was even thought of. Over ninety-five percent of mammalian cloning attempts have resulted in some form of birth defect. Sometimes, the mammal is not even born alive. If it is born alive, it is extremely likely to be born with life threatening medical issues. I am not a totally heartless human being. I do see the side of infertile couples who would do anything just to have a baby. I do see that side of it. But if they have lost a baby before, they would get hopeful and this pregnancy may turn out just as the others have resulted in a miscarriage. Many of these complications come from what the female body creates when a child is conceived. These things, such as a placenta, are things that the female body produces when a child is living inside of them. Isnt it so super cool to see how God created women to be able to produce an organ every time they convince to be able to feed their child in the womb? I find this extremely fascinating. Not being feminist in any way shape or form, but God created women to be tough. I find it extremely amazing how the body just adapts to having a human being inside of you for nine months. As I have said earlier, I believe that human cloning would push our society further and further away from God. Even if you are not a Christian, you still pray. Whether you know it or not, you pray. When you say to yourself help me get through today, thats a prayer whether you know it or not. Human cloning would take that hope away from everything. It wouldnt make anyone have to have any kind of hope because everyone could get pregnant if they wanted to. Pope John Paul II said Abortion, euthanasia, human cloning, for example, risk reducing the human person to a mere object; life and death to order, as it were! Humans would solely be an object and not a living creature that God made Himself. In 2003, there was an experiment done to see if scientists could clone a cow. It is possible but as associated with cloning mammals, there are extreme side effects that come along with cloning. Olivier Sandra says the large amount of data our collaboration has generated sheds light on mechanisms that account for embryonic losses at implantation. This quote is everything to the against side of human cloning. It is a scientific fact that most cloning attempts have resulted in some loss of information in the implantation. In fact, under ten percent of cloning attempts, in general, have been successful. That does not mean the creature is born healthy. That only means that the creature is conceived. It was a successful implantation. That is all that means. Most of these cloned cows they studied were shown that while they did get conceived, they did include failure of implanting the embryo in the uterus and the body failing to make itself a placenta to feed the embryo. While it is said that human cloning could be a therapeutic method, it could very easily be used in the wrong way therapeutically. Yes, it would be nice to have your loved one back with you but you are not God. You cannot say that just because God called them home, you will just create another one of them. That clone would never be their replacement. It would just be someone who looks like them. That clone may not even have the same personality or characteristics of that loved one that has passed. They may be a totally different person. And for me, bringing back a loved one that has passed and for them to not be the same person they were before, I would honestly rather them not be there. That would never be them. While it is an argument that everyone is slow to argue on, it is an extremely viable topic that many should do more research on therapeutic cloning before they think that it is okay. Some people believe that if human cloning ever became scientifically safe, that in order to clone, you would have to clone the entire organism. However, that is not true. One of the cool things about cloning is that you are able to clone anything including a gene, a cell, or if you wanted to, an entire organism, such as a human being. While human cloning is an extremely interesting and popular topic to talk about, like many things in this world, there are always arguments against it. While these arguments are viable, this is one of the topics that you have to sit back, listen, and do your research in order to fully understand. One of the main arguments against human cloning is the aspect of variety. One of the things I am most proud of our country is the many differences we have. There are all colors, shapes, and sizes of people who live in this country. There are immigrants, Native Americans, African Americans, whites, and Latinos. We have so much diversity in American and I absolutely love it. While it can be a means for someone to intend evil, it is often used for good. This year, America was found to have 61.72% of our population to be non-Hispanic whites, 17.66% Hispanics from any country, 12.48% African Americans, 5.28% Asians, 2.05% Biracial, and 0.73% American Indian or Alaska Native. I look at these statistics and do not see color. I see human beings who are proud to live in this country. If only our society could stop seeing color and see people for the intelligent humans they are. With all of the diversity we have in this country, with human cloning, all of that would go away. There would either be a superior race or there would be a race of humans that would just totally fall off of the face of our planet. As I said before, I am a firm believer that God created us all individually, knows every hair on our head, and every intention of our heart. He somehow, in His divine power, knew that in the beginning when He created the world, that eventually there would be a Kaylee Murray. He knew that I would be born with dark brown curly hair and tan skin. With human cloning, there would be no need for Him. He would no longer be in the conception part of a babys life. He would no longer place that child into its mothers womb. A doctor would do that.

A Main Character Of Odyssey - Free Essay Example

In Odyssey, the main character Odysseus leaves his land and family to battle at Troy. He spends a decade later trying to return home, battling various ills and evils so that he may eventually be able to return home. In his long absence, his wife Penelope has the battle of her own to resist the suitors congregating in her home in an attempt to marry her. Their son Telemachus battles a mostly internal war in both missing his father and the suitors who are ruining his home and overtaking his life. In O Brother, Where Art Thou?, the three main characters Everett McGill, Pete Hogwallop, and Delmar O’Donnell escape from a prison chain. Everett convinced his fellow inmates that he has hidden a treasure that must be recovered before his hometown is flooded from the progress of the creation of a dam. Unaware to his companions until close to the end of the film, he is actually in prison for unlawful practice of law, and the treasure does not exist. The trio travels back to McGill’s hometown, with many interesting adventures along the way, including meeting a blind man who foretells their future, McGill’s attempts to win over his wife Penny, and becoming a famous singing trio who receive a pardon for their crimes due to their immense popularity. Homer’s epic The Odyssey and Ethan Coen and Joel Coen’s movie O Brother, Where Art Thou? are very similar despite several large differences. The most notable differences between the two are the setting, the number of primary characters, and the history and story of the main character(s). There are many similarities including an array of adventures, and the pursuit of material reward. In Homer’s epic, the story takes place centuries ago, while the Coen’s movie takes place in the 1930’s. These differences bring with them different cultures and values. In Odysseus’ time, honor was valued above nearly everything. Homer shares a story of men who were highly valued when they died in battle, which was considered a good, respectable death. In the time period McGill, Hogwallop and O’Donnell lived, honor was not as valued. Rather than being men who were very well off, who left home to do battle, these three are escaped convicts. They hold no honor, something that is very evident when Everett McGill finds that his wife is engaged to another man and has lied to their daughters, preferring to tell them that their father was hit and killed by a train than to tell them he has been jailed. Odysseus’ wife Penelope waits for him for ten years, remaining faithful to him at all costs. She also shares her husband’s good name with their son Telemachus, and they both refuse to fully accept the possibility that Odysseus is dead without irrefutable proof. In contrast, McGill’s wife Penny tells their three daughters that he was hit and killed by a train, to avoid the shame associated with him having a criminal record. The girls believe their mother, as they have no reason not to, and Penny becomes engaged to another man rather than remain faithful to her husband. Despite these differences, both McGill and Odysseus do what they must to get their wives back from the suitors. While McGill takes a much less violent stance, by punching his wife’s fiancà © and then finding her original wedding band (his requirement to take her hand again), while Odysseus murders all the suitors in his home. These two men have different family dynamics, but the same dedicat ion to their wives and children. In the Odyssey, there is one main character. While there are three central characters, Odysseus, Telemachus, and Penelope, the story only follows one at a time, with Odysseus ultimately being the main character. In O Brother, Where Art Thou? there are three main characters. McGill, Hogwallop and O’Donnell are together at almost all times. This story also has one main character that it follows, McGill, instead of following the stories of the three most important characters. The characters also have different stories and histories. Odysseus is a noble, often given the title â€Å"godlike,† and lives on a large property that supports his in-laws and allows him room and wealth for many flocks of animals, workers, and servants. Odysseus is well-respected, and his name is well known due to his high social status. The three in O Brother are criminals, without more than the possessions of the average middle to low class person during the time – at least before they were jailed. Their names are originally only known because of their failures to obey the law, and because they are escaped criminals. Later on, they are known because of their hit singing ability, but that is not even under their own names, but their â€Å"band† name. While Odysseus is known for his good deeds, McGill, Hogwallop and O’Donnell are known for their misdeeds. The similarities between the two stories are extensive, so I will only focus on a few. There are similarities not only in plot and the adventures the characters embark on and are involved in. In both tales, the main characters are following the strong theme of want/need to return home. Odysseus is battling gods, monsters, even visiting Hades to help him return to his family. McGill convinces two others to break out of a chained roadside jail so that he can return to his wife and daughters. In addition, both stories begin with our â€Å"heroes† in captivity when they are first introduced. Odysseus is on an island with Calypso, and the three in O Brother are jailed. Both escape captivity, though through different ways. Though at opposing ends of the story, Odysseus, McGill, Hogwallop, and O’Donnell end up floating on driftwood. For Odysseus, the waters are so intense because he had angered the god of the sea, Poseidon earlier in the story. Poseidon did everything in his power to keep Odysseus from getting home, though he was unable to kill Odysseus because of Zeus’ direct orders. As a result, Odysseus raft torn to pieces, and he floats on broken pieces until he finally attempts to swim to land. McGill and his inmates were left floating on their own coffins after the valley they were in was flooded to create a dam. They also narrowly avoided death by those who wanted to kill them, the local sheriff and his men who wanted to hang them (which was why their coffins were there). In other parts of the stories, they both have their future foretold by a blind clairvoyant (in O Brother, the clairvoyant is the blind man who gives them a ride on the handcart, in Odysseus it’s the prophet Theoclymenus). All four characters are seduced by sirens, though they take very different approaches to the water-loving singers. Also in line with the sirens, only one character becomes seduced by them, with Odysseus tied to the mast of his ship and Hogwallop is basically kidnapped for ransom. Another similarity would be when Odysseus and his crew meet, are terrorized by, and escape Polyphemus, the Cyclopes. In O Brother, the men meet and are mugged by Big Dan Teague, another large man who also lures them in with food (though Polyphemus lure isn’t intentional) and they certainly cannot beat with strength alone, and kills one of their men. There were many similarities between these two stories. It seems almost as if they are the same story, and I am honestly shocked with the wide array of similarities. Odysseus’ adventures today seem impossible, especially as most people now discount Greek mythology as nothing more than interesting stories from the past. By putting similar happenings in a modern context it was fun to watch and read. Although it has a some of events that can be considered fake(such as correct predictions of future events by others). By doing this paper, I now look for similarities between Homer’s and in other media I see. A lot of modern versions of epics and tales show similar plot and adventure. Also, the success of the movie and epic both show the interest that the general population has in an epic tale that includes plenty of â€Å"action† and a tale of romance. In the end there is many similarities and differences between the movie and epic.

Essay on The Media and Violence in our Society - 636 Words

Violence has always played a role in the media. It is found everywhere around the world. Media does contribute to violence in our society. This essay will prove that media does contribute to violence in our society by examining music, video games and Web Sites. Firstly, one form of violence which influences behaviour in our society is music. This sort of media is a concern to parents who are interested in the development and growth of their children because of the negative and destructive themes of some kinds of music. Let’s take for example the rap artist Eminem. In his album â€Å"Marshall Mathers†, he talks about murdering his wife, and plans to rape and murder his mother. These violent lyrics promote hatred against women.†¦show more content†¦Secondly, another form of violence which influences behaviour in our society is video games. Almost all children play video games. An average seventh grader plays video games at least 18 hours per week and most of thos e games are violent. Young people who play a lot of violent video games have an aggressive behaviour. The main trend of video games is for players to be the bad guys, acting out criminal fantasies and earning points for attacking and killing innocent people. Even though these games are rated M, they are popular among pre-teens and teenage boys. Let’s take for example Grand Theft Auto 3, who was the best-selling game for PlayStation 2. The main idea of the game is too earn points by carjacking, stealing drugs from street people and pushers and also by beating up prostitutes with baseball bats after having sex with them. These types of video games do not set good examples for children and teenagers. These young minds may think that they are allowed to verbally aggress women and that doing crimes are alright. Violent video games may affect their behaviour as they get older because they may want to commit crimes and get into drugs. This proves that video games do contribute to v iolence in our society. Thirdly, the last but not least form of violence which influences behaviour in our society is Web Sites. Ever since the internet has been invented, children started having more exposure toShow MoreRelatedViolence in the Media1047 Words   |  5 Pagesa law that bans violence in the media: in movies, on TV, in video games, and on the Internet? Adi Shimony Golden Gate University Today, media take a major part of our lives, shape our society and create reality.  The Banning violence in the media is an efficient approach the government should take to handle the growing violence in our society. I argue that the US Government should make a law that bans violence in the media. The law needs to limit broadcasting of violence content at timesRead More The Effects of Television Violence Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Television Violence Recent attention in the media relating violence and children has created much controversy and debate. Our society has brought much focus on violence in the media and how it has effected children of all ages and races. High school shootings and increasing crime in small towns all over the country has brought forth the question of whether or not children are exposed or desensitized to too much violence in television, movies, news, and other sources. ManyRead MoreMedia Violence Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in the Media and how it Affects Society The effect of media is profound and far-reaching. All over the world, the media influences our values and intrudes upon our deep-seated ideologies and beliefs. Indeed the media has been a powerful force in influencing people’s perceptions, and more importantly, their behavior as well. Business, politicians, and showbiz personalities pay huge sums of money to media firms in order create an image or change an existing one. Politics in particularRead More Media Violence and Its Effects Essay709 Words   |  3 PagesThroughout decades, media have became one of the most powerful weapons in the world. As time passed, more and more varieties of media were shown, like television, magazines, and internet. From reporting the news to persuading us to buy certain products, media became the only connection between people and the world. But violence in media is shown everywhere, it is hard to turn on your media source and not find violence displayed on the screen, no matter its telev ision, internet, print media, or even radioRead MoreIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture In Bradbury’s dystopian classic, Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse says â€Å" ‘I’m afraid of children my own age. They kill each other’ † (Bradbury 27). Bradbury claims through Fahrenheit 451 that our society is becoming increasingly violent in youth’s culture. Furthermore, common sense seems to dictate that as technology advances violence, increases as well. Although schools are considered to be the safest places for children, media, behavioral problems, and influences insideRead MoreAs Technology Has Evolved So Has The Way We, As A Society,1411 Words   |  6 Pagesway we, as a society, consume media. If we look back through history, we can see violent imagery portrayed in books and art. However, after some violent school shootings, people have attempted, and failed, to pin the blame on violent media and even predict if, and when, it will happen again. However if we look at the violent tragedies, and more specifically the people who have committed them, we can see other causes for this violence. Although it can cause issues, violence in media does not causeRead MoreMass Media and Violence Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesMass Media and Violence Is it hard to believe that just forty years ago only a few privileged American families had televisions in their home? In recent years, it is estimated that a whopping ninety-eight percent of Americans have one or more television sets in their home. Motion pictures, televisions, video games, and the internet are just some forms of mass media that have emerged since the last century. With the rise of mass media, the increase of violent behavior has increased as well. MassRead MoreExposure to Violence and Videogames844 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneration where violence is idolized in video games and in the media. Although parents monitor and guide their children, â€Å"[the] media is everywhere. TV, Internet, computer and video games all vie for our childrens attention]† and often times are the sole free-time activity (American Academy of Pediatrics). As media monopolizes the adolescent generation, society has begun to look at the effects it may have especially material that promo tes violence. Although much of this violence is fictional, itRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Children873 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Media Education Foundation, once a child reaches eighteen years of age, they have witnessed around 200,000 acts of violence and 16,000 murders (jacksonkatz.com). Our society loves entertainment and a grand portion of this entertainment contains violence. Children constantly consume violent visuals, due to their prevalence. Majority of our society is uninterested in the effects of media violence since its effects do not show immediately. Misinformation is our greatest enemy in theRead MoreMedia and Violence Essay768 Words   |  4 PagesIn the globalization era, the first power among in this world is media. It is very important to recognize that media violence has been caused several problems in everyday life, especially, television, because we cannot only hear the sound but we can see the visual as well. If we think carefully ab out media violence, it has roots in the unease that has historically been expressed whenever a new entertainment or communications medium appears on the scene that appeals to the masses. We can seen, as

Business in China - 1131 Words

November 29th, 2012 International Business Doing Business in China The role of government when doing business in China is very important. It is especially important if you are from a different country, such as the United States, because the approaches to dealing with the government are much different. There are many factors in which should be considered when dealing with business related issues with the government. These include whether or not your business strategies go along with the plan the government has for Chinas development, understanding how the Chinese government interfaces with your business, and also how to deal with pressures from the government when they want you to do things you and your business don’t want to do.†¦show more content†¦There are also corrupt government officials that you potentially have to deal with. â€Å"There are a hundred corrupt officials who go unpunished for each one who is punished.† (Armbruster, 2007, pg.9) If that statement is even somewhat true, there has to be a large amount of corruption between officials which can go positively if you are doing business the wrong way but can also have negative effects. Having a China strategy is very important. A China strategy is a plan on how you are going to move your business into China and be successful. A China strategy is important because you have to know how to enter a market when going into a new environment, especially one as different as China’s. â€Å"China is no longer a third world country or an emerging economy. As the second largest and fastest growing economy in the world, soon to overtake the United States, it is a genuine force to be reckoned with. Within the past few years there has been a remarkable development inside China and the establishment of a significant middle class.† (Watson, 2011, pg. 51) You have to be able to know what you are going to do with your business once you are in China. You also have to have a backup plan in case you need to remove your compan y for any reason. What I found most interesting about doing business in China is the many different things you have to deal with compared toShow MoreRelatedBusiness in China1188 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness in China 1. What challenges do foreign firms face when they seek to transfer their home management style to China? 2. Discuss the reform of Chinese state-owned enterprises and related government policy changes. Evaluate the impact within the state-owned businesses and the chinese society. Chinese management Doing business in China requires a throughout understanding of their management philosophy and practices. Their management style is different in many respects from mainstreamRead MoreBusiness Organization : China And China1303 Words   |  6 Pagesmight want to thank you for giving me the chance to compose a couple words about my study arrangement and my future prospects in China. I have dependably indicated readiness and unmistakable fascination in concentrating on Single man of Business Organization in China. There are numerous explanations behind which I have picked China to want examining my major. Initially, China is instruction well disposed nation and advancing advanced education in each conceivable way without separation of race, sexualRead MoreMaking Business in China1003 Words   |  5 PagesBauchà © INTERNATIONAL MARKETING China’s culture and business practices differ from Europe or even North American. As you start making business in China, having an understanding of Chinese business â€Å"etiquette† is important to your success. Knowing and practicing common customs will also help you to avoid embarrassment, and focus on the matters at hand on critical occasions. Appearance One of the most visible changes to the human landscape of China over the past few decades has been the change in dressRead MoreEssay on Business in China1030 Words   |  5 PagesBefore doing business in China, there’s a few things needed to know about this to-be home away from home for the company. A completely different world from that of the United States, this second largest supplier is as simple as our own in business etiquette, and a few simple things can go a long way. Social-cultural, economy, legal-political, and managerial differences are just a few categories of information to be taken into consideration when pursuing a business agenda in China. Social-CulturalRead MoreThe Importance Of Business In China1447 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"We were ready to walk away from China forever, but the friends we made in Shanghai convinced us to stay. We entered the Chinese market after spending weeks walking the streets, trying to understand the economy, the culture, the people and whether they were ready for the type of business we were in: the high end, no-replica, genuine design exhibition and events business. â€Å"Over the course of 3 years, we visited various Chinese cities and found Shanghai the most cosmopolitan and open-minded, withRead MoreBusiness Skills in China618 Words   |  3 Pagesfor intelligent and younger citizens to become the 4th generation of The Communist Party of China. Along with many others Hu Jintao was chosen to be one of the future leaders. Before becoming one of the most important people in China, Hu Jintao learned the values of business. These business skills taught by his working-class father conveyed well into his style of running the country, like a business. Hu’s Aunt had been his primary caregiver through his mother’s passing when Hu was just 7. YearsRead MoreFun Business In China786 Words   |  4 Pages According to the 2016 China fan report, since 2004, an average of 40 million new fans have been added every year, and the number of Chinese fans has reached 470 million by 2016 (Song, 2017). Especially, funs spend money to express their enthusiasm, which accounts for about $330 billion of fun consumption in the young generation, according to the monthly consumption of fans. (Song, 2017). Although in spite of the large population of China, these data also surprised. And as we know, this situationRead MoreBusiness Expansion Into China819 Words   |  3 PagesBusiness expansion into China The Americans treat conception of self on self-reliance and self promotion is more accepted as they value freedom from external interference, while for the Chinese the conception of self is viewed from a group perspective and they value self modesty as well. The other difficulty will be the language barrier that may exists between the Americans and the China dwellers. It will be ethical for the company to hire translators who will enable the clients feel at ease andRead MoreThe Business Environment Of China Essay1105 Words   |  5 Pagesbackground of globalization and information technology, the China enterprise still face problems such as business environment. Some of the significant changes in the business environment of China includes: The conflict of centralized political and democratic requirements, the economy growth of ‘high speed’ and ‘low quality’ and the appreciation and depreciation of Ren Min Bi. All these changes in the business environment will affect the business as well. ï  ¬ The conflict of centralized political and democraticRead MoreChina Business Sme5201 Words   |  21 PagesChinas market reforms and accession to the WTO has led to its economy growing rapidly, to the point where it is now the fourth largest on earth, and is expected to be in the top two within the next decade (Business Monitor International, 2006). As a result, Chinas SMEs are now facing an economy flooded with foreign capital, and with a more open economic climate than in previous years, but also a much more competitive economy, where many of their previous practices are no longer relevant. This piece

Drug Users And Human Services Utilization An Exploratory...

The article â€Å"Injection Drug Users, Crack-Cocaine Users, and Human Services Utilization: An Exploratory Study† by Ashery, Rebecca Sager; Carlson, Robert G.; Falck, Russel S.; Siegal, Harvey A. seeks to understand the perception and experiences of drug users upon utilizing Human Social Services. The research problem being addressed is formulated around the usage of social services programs among injection drug users and crack cocaine users during a two-year period. From the abstract of this article that there are no simple answers to this problem. The research is minimal and the correlation between social services and the drugs users is non-existent. The research problem initially presented clearly within the article. According to ( Ashery, Carlson, Falck, and Siegal, 1995) the usage of examples to support the claims that further examination is required to understand the relationship between drug users and social services. It further explains perceptions and experiences among drug users. However, it would appear that the research problem was expanded to include emerging patterns that were observed over the decades by social workers. The additional information created confusion and difficulties understanding the flow of the document. The author questions if there is a correlation to drug users, the accessibility to basic needs and AIDS risk reduction intervention programs to the reduction. The author made several statements that there is additional supporting evidence that isShow MoreRelatedData Warehouse Case Study4449 Words   |  18 PagesCase Study: A Data Warehouse for an Academic Medical Center Jonathan S. Einbinder, MD, MPH; Kenneth W. Scully, MS; Robert D. Pates, PhD; Jane R. Schubart, MBA, MS; Robert E. Reynolds, MD, DrPH ABSTRACT The clinical data repository (CDR) is a frequently updated relational data warehouse that provides users with direct access to detailed, ï ¬â€šexible, and rapid retrospective views of clinical, administrative, and ï ¬ nancial patient data for the University of Virginia Health System. This article presentsRead MoreMeasurement of Sevice Quality of Apollo Using Servqual12789 Words   |  52 Pageswas completed successfully because of the grace of God. Richa Kumari Amity Business School EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Service firms like other organizations are realizing the significance of customer-centered philosophies and are turning to quality management approaches to help manage their businesses. This paper starts with the concept of service quality and demonstrates the model of service quality gaps. SERVQUAL as an effective approach has been studied and its role in the analysis of the differenceRead MoreEvaluation Research Design Literature19283 Words   |  78 Pagesmine existing data sources; ―pull outâ€â€" relevant data or information; summarize it; logically analyze and/or statistically treat it; and report results. In many instances, the issue, problem, question, etc. which prompted the idea for an evaluation study is resolved or answered by studying and reporting previous research reports in the literature or synthesizing, either logically, statistically, or both, data drawn from existing databases. In program evaluation, it is often necessary to describe orRead MoreUsing Val ue-Chain Analysis to Discover Customers Strategic Needs4793 Words   |  20 Pageswithin a company they describe the various value-added stages from purchasing materials to distributing, selling, and servicing the ï ¬ nal product (Porter’s 1985 concept),[3] and (2) they also delineate the value-added stages from raw material to end-user as a product is manufactured and distributed, with each stage representing an industry.[4] For convenience, we will refer to these two deï ¬ nitions as ‘‘internal’’ and ‘‘external’’ value chains, respectively. The internal value chain is a key conceptRead MoreProject Report on Inventory Management10923 Words   |  44 PagesA PROJECT REPORT ON INVENTORY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM A STUDY OF PIDILITE INDUSTRIES UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF: Dr. Anil Sinha Dean ,Prof. Corporate finance Session: PGDM 09 IILM, GREATER NOIDA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We have prepared this study paper for the â€Å"Inventory Management System – A Study of Pidilite Industries†. We have derived the contents and approach of this study paper through discussions with company executives and internet as well as with the help of various Books, Magazines and Newspapers etcRead MoreConsumer Research in the Early Stages of New Product Development27148 Words   |  109 Pagesto the success of companies. In the numerous studies of new product performance over the years, consensus has developed that understanding consumer needs is of paramount strategic value, especially in the early stages of the product development process. During these early stages, the product has not yet been specified and the aim is to search for novel product ideas from a marketing and technological perspective. Despite their importance, several studies indicate that consumer research methodologiesRead MoreProject on Wipro13311 Words   |  54 Pages PROJECT REPORT ON SERVICES OFFERED BY WIPRO LTD. SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULLFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION 2008-2011 UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. JATIN VAID FACULTY, MAIMS SUBMITTED BY: BHUWAN GUPTA Roll No.:9311 Batch No. –BBA 3rd Semester (2nd Shift) Maharaja Agrasen Institute Of Management Studies Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi. PSP Area, Plot No. 1, Sector-22, Rohini, Delhi-110086 SELF DECLARATION I, BHUWAN GUPTARead MoreIphs Standards for 100 Bedded Hospital16137 Words   |  65 PagesGeneral of Health Services Ministry of Health Family Welfare Government of India 1 Contents 1. Introduction 2. Objectives of IPHS for Sub-District Hospitals 3. Definition of Sub-District Hospital 4. Grading of Sub-District Hospital 5. Functions 6. Essential Services 7. Physical Infrastructure 8. Manpower 9. Equipment 10. Laboratory Services 11. Recommended allocation of bed strength at various levels 12. List of Drugs 13. Capacity Building 14. Quality Assurance in Services 15. Rogi Kalyan SamitiesRead MoreProject Management15109 Words   |  61 Pagesprograms aimed at improving the quality of life of beneficiary communities, development and social welfare etc.. The principle be it in physical or qualitative terms. Despite significant aims and objectives of all these programs have been inputs of human and financial resources, many fell short to bring about overall changes in the existing socio- of expectations. Projects failed to meet the priority economic structure in the country providing thereby needs of communities; stated outputs were not achievedRead MoreArticle: Perf ormance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 PagesPerformance appraisal and performance management were one of the emerging issues since last decade. Many organizations have shifted from employee’s performance appraisal system to employee’s performance management system. This paper has focused to study the evolution of employee’s performance appraisal system, critics the system suffered and how the performance management system came to the practice. The main purpose of this paper is to differentiate these two systems, employee’s performance appraisal

The Double Citizenship of Human Existence-Kant Essay

Taylor Ciali May 12, 2008 Dean Baer Kant-Final Paper The Double Citizenship of Human Existence Immanuel Kants theory of knowledge has been one of the most influential in modern Western philosophy. His basic premise is that we do not experience the world directly, but we do so by using certain intrinsic cognitive concepts. â€Å"Appearances, to the extent that as objects they are thought in accordance with the unity of categories, are called phenomena. If, however, I suppose there to be things that are merely objects of the understanding and that, nevertheless, can be given an intuition, although not to sensible intuition, then such things would be called noumena.† (A249) According to Kant, it is crucial to make a distinction between†¦show more content†¦How we explain it is that it is a realm in which time has no beginning or end. Through the use of cognitive concepts to help us make sense of the world, Kant’s theory is primarily sense based. However, this does not mean that he only believed in the existence of the sensible or physical realm. In fact, Ka nt believed that beyond the realm of phenomena, things as if they appear, there is a realm of noumena, things as they truly are. He believed that the only way we can make sense of the idea of the noumenal realm is through our mind, our intellect. Kant argued that there must be, sensibly, things as they truly are, beyond the way we perceive things. However, they can never be experienced in the noumenal realm due to the fact we can only experience things as they appear to us, phenomena. Nevertheless, noumena must exist if for no other reason than to make sense of the world we perceive around us. Case in point, even though people experience the same object as having a different color, shape, and/or texture, depending on many different reasons, one of which being where they stand in relation to it, it does not change the fact that sensibly the object must have a true form separate then the way it is perceived. According to Kant there are three ultimate modes of consciousness: Knowing, f eeling and desiring. Knowing is understanding, desiring is reasoning and feeling is judgment. Feeling is the intermediate space between noumena, reasoning, andShow MoreRelated Cultural Differentiation and Moral Orientation: Taking an Interest in History4144 Words   |  17 Pagesindividuals, judgement must have a dimension that can apprehend the purposiveness of those human achievements which are social in their significance and socially transmitted. In other words, such achievements transcend individual intention. The ‘historical signs’ of such moral purposiveness provide moral orientation through the conflicting claims that arise within and between complex and historically evolving human communities. I explore the role of disinterested judgement in providing this orientationRead MoreNatural Law Theory Essay6453 Words   |  26 Pagescreator, God. It teaches everything God made has a purpose, including every aspect of human life, and everything should work towards th e purpose assigned to it. If we fulfil this purpose we do ‘good’, for example it is good to preserve life (â€Å"Do not kill†). If we frustrate the purpose for which something has been created then it is morally ‘wrong’, to destroy life is against the will of good. In addition, human sexuality was designed for the reproduction of the species. Any action which helps towardsRead MoreThe Ethics Of Corporate Social Responsibility2955 Words   |  12 PagesOn very common situations of the foundries outsourcing companies, does not mean can be ignore the production process management, especially in the growing environmental awareness of human rights and labor hypertonic, consumers are also concerned about purchase the product is how are they manufactured and process. This has been deemed an important indicator of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business ethics. The ethics of corporate social responsibility disclosure have historically beenRead Mo re Case Study on Rape Victims Essay3962 Words   |  16 Pagessuggest that the hotline operator remain honest, because any rational being would have reasoned lying to be ethically wrong in a just society. But, what if lying to the victim means that the caller is convinced to prosecute her rapist? According to Kant, it would be the victims right as a person to act free, so long as she uses reason to follow universal law concerning the report of her crime. The victim’s good will requires her to fulfill her duty to follow the categorical imperative, to maintainRead MoreIndian Polity and Social Issue16628 Words   |  67 Pagesemergencies it takes unitary structure. Parts Parts are the individual chapters in the Constitution, focused in single broad field of laws, containing articles that address the issues in question. (Preamble)  » Part I- Union and its Territory  » Part II- Citizenship.  » Part III - Fundamental Rights  » Part IV - Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.  » Part V - The Union.  » Part VI - The States.  » Part VII - States in the B part of the First schedule (Repealed).  » Part VIII - The Union Territories  » PartRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesBeginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions. But it has also placed us in the unique position of being able to destroy ourselves. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1983, NASA and The College of William and Mary jointlyRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesBeginning with the plow, science has changed how we live and what we believe. By making life easier, science has given man the chance to pursue societal concerns such as ethics, aesthetics, education, and justice; to create cultures; and to improve human conditions. But it has also placed us in the unique position of being able to destroy ourselves. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1983, NASA and The College of William and Mary jointlyRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagesthe market-leading international management text. Specifically, v vi Preface this edition has the following chapter distribution: environment (three chapters), culture (four chapters), strategy (four chapters), and organizational behavior/human resource management (three chapters). Because international management is such a dramatically changing field, all the chapters have been updated and improved. New real-world examples and research results are integrated throughout the book, accentuatingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesAcknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx Chapter 1 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Introduction What is organization theory? Defining theory What are organizations? The relationship between organization theory and human activities The relationship between organization theory and management practice Social engineering and organization theory Critical alternatives to managerialism in organization theory Philosophical disputes and debates: explaining and understanding

Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Summary Example For Students

Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Summary In Shakespeares, MIDSUMMER NIGHTS DREAM, he wrote about a tragedy that he turned into a comedy. He did this to show his audience how stupid humans can act upon their emotions. There are three plots that tie together with one main situation. There is Hermia and Lysander, two star crossed lovers that cant be together. Hermias father wants her to marry Demetrius who Hermias bestfriend Helena loves. Demetrius loves Hermia and trys to pursue her. Then there is Oberon and Titania the King and Queen of the fairies. Oberon is jealous of Titania because she has an Indian boy that shes spending all her time with. He wants the baby and they have a quarrel about it. So as revenge he gets his servant Puck, a fairy, to put a potion in her eyes to distract her when Oberon steals her baby. But this potion made her fall inlove with the first living thing she saw which cooincidently was a jack ass. At first Oberon was amused but then he realized he didnt like how her attention was on the jack ass and not him. Last but not least is a group of dorky guys who are making a play for the first time. Their play is about a tragic love story that ends up in the death of both the lovers because they couldnt be together. The fairies and these clowns that are making the play are very essential for the main plot of Hermia and Lysander and their problems, because it shows how people really act and how their effects are showed in the play. The fairies are essential to the main plot because without Puck there wouldnt have been a comedy at all. Even though he brought confusion to Hermia and Helena about how Lysander and Demetrius both all of the sudden fall inlove with Hermia, at the end Oberon fixed the situation so everyone would be happy. The clowns are also needed because the play they are acting out shows if two lovers cant have each other the way they do, they act on emotions instead of logic and reality, they would take dramatic actions. This play within the play was suppose to show how if you try to keep people away from each other when they dont want to be separated they will do something to act upon your rule. Just like Lysander and Hermia running away to be together against her fathers wishes. Without this play, Theseus would have never seen it and talked to Hermias father to change his mind and allowing his daughter to marry Lysander. What Shakespeare is trying to tell his audience is that if you try to stop lovers from being with one another, theyll find another way or do something terrible. Without these subplots in the play there would be no happy ending for everyone.

Fundamentals of Hedging Derivatives and Swaps

Question: 1. The yield curve is flat at 6% per annum. What is the value of a Forward Rate Agreement where the holder receives interest at the rate of 8% per annum for a six-month period on a principal of $1,000 starting in two years? All rates are compounded semi-annually. Explain your answer. 2. A trader has a portfolio worth $5 million that mirrors the performance of a stock index. The stock index is currently 1,250. Futures contracts trade on the index with one contract being on 250 times the index. To remove market risk from the portfolio the trader should short or long in the forward or futures market? A company enters into a short futures contract to sell 50,000 units of a commodity for 70 cents per unit. The initial margin is $4,000 and the maintenance margin is $3,000. What is the futures price per unit above which there will be a margin call? 3. In which of the following cases is an asset NOT considered constructively sold? Explain your reasoning. A. The owner shorts the asset B. The owner buys an in-the-money put option on the asset C. The owner shorts a forward contract on the asset. D. The owner shorts a futures contract on the stock Answer: 1. FV of $1000 in five semi-annual periods 1000*(1+0.08/2) = 1040 PV= $ 1040/ (1+ 0.06/2) ^5 = $ 862.60878 Rounding it to $ 862.61 Investment does not start with accruing interest rate for the period of 2 years, that is 4 Semi-annual periods starting from today) After that, interest is paid after an additional 6 month of period on total of 5 semi-annual periods starting from today 2.1) Particulars Amount Portfolio $5,000,000 Stock Index price 1250 Future contract (1250 * 250) = 312,500 The number of contract required = 5,000,000 / (1250 * 250) = 5,000,000 / 312,500 = 16 contracts The portfolio mainly mirrors the stock index so selling 16 contracts might mainly help in nullifying the risk that might be incurred from volatility. Thus, short future position comprising of 16 contracts might mainly help in reducing the risk of market declines in the future. 2.b) Particulars Amount Future contracts 50,000 units Initial margin $4000 Maintenance Margin $3000 Commodity price 70 cent Calculation = (0.72-0.70) * 50,000 = 0.02 * 50,000 = 1,000 The difference between initial margin and maintenance margin is $1,000. Thus, if the contract attains a loss of $1,000 then a margin call will be activated. The future price of the commodity is 70 cents. Thus, if the price rises to 72 cents then the margin call will be activities [(0.72-0.70) * 50,000] = $1,000. Furthermore, it could be concluded that if the prices rises of 72 cents the margin call of the short position will be activated (Webber 2011). 3. From the options given, B is the correct answer. This is because profits on the assets have to be recognized in the options A, C and D. As far as holder of the asset is concerned, it cannot be deferred in profit recognition matters with indication of trading activities (RheinlaÃÅ'ˆnder and Sexton 2011). In the given case, B option is the answer, as asset is not considered for constructively sold in any form (Barnett and Cohn 2011). In other words, purchasing money by using put option is profit-locking system in the asset without triggering immediate liability of tax activities. Reference List Barnett, Gary and Joshua D Cohn. 2011.Fundamentals Of Swaps Other Derivatives, 2011. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. RheinlaÃÅ'ˆnder, Thorsten and Jenny Sexton. 2011.Hedging Derivatives. New Jersey: World Scientific. Webber, Nick. 2011.Implementing Models Of Financial Derivatives. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley.

Minority Group and Multiculturalism free essay sample

This research was commissioned by the Transatlantic Council on Migration, an initiative of the Migration Policy Institute (MPI), for its seventh plenary meeting, held November 2011 in Berlin. The meeting’s theme was â€Å"National Identity, Immigration, and Social Cohesion: (Re)building Community in an Ever-Globalizing World† and this paper was one of the reports that informed the Council’s discussions. The Council, an MPI initiative undertaken in cooperation with its policy partner the Bertelsmann Stiftung, is a unique deliberative body that examines vital policy issues and informs migration policymaking processes in North America and Europe. The Council’s work is generously supported by the following foundations and governments: Carnegie Corporation of New York, Open Society Foundations, Bertelsmann Stiftung, the Barrow Cadbury Trust (UK Policy Partner), the Luso-American Development Foundation, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, and the governments of Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden. For more on the Transatlantic Council on Migration, please visit: www. We will write a custom essay sample on Minority Group and Multiculturalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page migrationpolicy. org/transatlantic.  © 2012 Migration Policy Institute. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Migration Policy Institute. A full-text PDF of this document is available for free download from www. migrationpolicy. org. Permission for reproducing excerpts from this report should be directed to: Permissions Department, Migration Policy Institute, 1400 16th Street, NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036, or by contacting [emailprotected] org. Suggested citation: Kymlicka, Will. 2012. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Table of Contents Executive Summary. 1 I. Introduction.. 2 The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism. 3 . II. What Is Multiculturalism?.. 4 A. Misleading Model. 4 . B. Multiculturalism in Context 5 . C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies.. 7 III. Multiculturalism in Practice. 10 A. The Canadian Success Story 10 B. The European Experience. 13 . IV. The Retreat from Multiculturalism.. 14 A. Rhetoric versus Reality .. 14 B. Proliferation of Civic Integration Policies. 15 . V. Conclusion:The Future of Multicultural Citizenship. 21 Appendices 26 Works Cited 28 About the Author.. 32 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Executive Summary Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity — commonly termed â€Å"multiculturalism† — emerged in the West as a vehicle for replacing older forms of ethnic and racial hierarchy with new relations of democratic citizenship. Despite substantial evidence that these policies are making progress toward that goal, a chorus of political leaders has declared them a failure and heralded the death of multiculturalism. This popular master narrative is problematic because it mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and misidentifies not only the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered but the options for addressing these problems. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. This report challenges four powerful myths about multiculturalism. First, it disputes the caricature of multiculturalism as the uncritical celebration of diversity at the expense of addressing grave societal problems such as unemployment and social isolation. Instead it offers an account of multiculturalism as the pursuit of new relations of democratic citizenship, inspired and constrained by human-rights ideals. Second, it contests the idea that multiculturalism has been in wholesale retreat, and offers instead evidence that multiculturalism policies (MCPs) have persisted, and have even grown stronger, over the past ten years. Third, it challenges the idea that multiculturalism has failed, and offers instead evidence that MCPs have had positive effects. Fourth, it disputes the idea that the spread of civic integration policies has displaced multiculturalism or rendered it obsolete. The report instead offers evidence that MCPs are fully consistent with certain forms of civic integration policies, and that indeed the combination of multiculturalism with an â€Å"enabling† form of civic integration is both normatively desirable and empirically effective in at least some cases. To help address these issues, this paper draws upon the Multiculturalism Policy Index. This index 1) identifies eight concrete policy areas where liberal-democratic states — faced with a choice — decided to develop more multicultural forms of citizenship in relation to immigrant groups and 2) measures the extent to which countries have espoused some or all of these policies over time. While there have been some high-profile cases of retreat from MCPs, such as the Netherlands, the general pattern from 1980 to 2010 has been one of modest strengthening. Ironically, some countries that have been vociferous about multiculturalism’s â€Å"failure† (e. g. , Germany) have not actually practiced an active multicultural strategy. Talk about the retreat from multiculturalism has obscured the fact that a form of multicultural integration remains a live option for Western democracies. However, not all attempts to adopt new models of multicultural citizenship have taken root or succeeded in achieving their intended effects. There are several factors that can either facilitate or impede the successful implementation of multiculturalism: Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 1 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Desecuritization of ethnic relations. Multiculturalism works best if relations between the state and minorities are seen as an issue of social policy, not as an issue of state security. If the state perceives immigrants to be a security threat (such as Arabs and Muslims after 9/11), support for multiculturalism will drop and the space for minorities to even voice multicultural claims will diminish. Human rights. Support for multiculturalism rests on the assumption that there is a shared commitment to human rights across ethnic and religious lines. If states perceive certain groups as unable or unwilling to respect human-rights norms, they are unlikely to accord them multicultural rights or resources. Much of the backlash against multiculturalism is fundamentally driven by anxieties about Muslims, in particular, and their perceived unwillingness to embrace liberal-democratic norms. Border control. Multiculturalism is more controversial when citizens fear they lack control over their borders — for instance when countries are faced with large numbers (or unexpected surges) of unauthorized immigrants or asylum seekers — than when citizens feel the borders are secure. Diversity of immigrant groups. Multiculturalism works best when it is genuinely multicultural — that is, when immigrants come from many source countries rather than coming overwhelmingly from just one (which is more likely to lead to polarized relations with the majority). Economic contributions. Support for multiculturalism depends on the perception that immigrants are holding up their end of the bargain and making a good-faith effort to contribute to society — particularly economically. When these facilitating conditions are present, multiculturalism can be seen as a low-risk option, and indeed seems to have worked well in such cases. Multiculturalism tends to lose support in high-risk situations where immigrants are seen as predominantly illegal, as potential carriers of illiberal practices or movements, or as net burdens on the welfare state. However, one could argue that rejecting immigrant multiculturalism under these circumstances is in fact the higher-risk move. It is precisely when immigrants are perceived as illegitimate, illiberal, and burdensome that multiculturalism may be most needed. I. Introduction Ideas about the legal and political accommodation of ethnic diversity have been in a state of flux around the world for the past 40 years. One hears much about the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism. † Indeed, this has become a kind of master narrative, widely invoked by scholars, journalists, and policymakers alike to explain the evolution of contemporary debates about diversity. Although people disagree about what comes after multiculturalism, there is a surprising consensus that we are in a post-multicultural era. This report contends that this master narrative obscures as much as it reveals, and that we need an alternative framework for thinking about the choices we face. Multiculturalism’s successes and failures, as well as its level of public acceptance, have depended on the nature of the issues at stake and the countries involved, and we need to understand these variations if we are to identify a more sustainable model for accommodating diversity. This paper will argue that the master narrative 1) mischaracterizes the nature of the experiments in multiculturalism that have been undertaken, 2) exaggerates the extent to which they have been abandoned, and 3) misidentifies the genuine difficulties and limitations they have encountered and the options for addressing these problems. 2 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE Before we can decide whether to celebrate or lament the fall of multiculturalism, we need first to make sure we know what multiculturalism has meant both in theory and in practice, where it has succeeded or failed to meet its objectives, and under what conditions it is likely to thrive in the future. The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism The master narrative of the â€Å"rise and fall of multiculturalism† helpfully captures important features of our current debates. Yet in some respects it is misleading, and may obscure the real challenges and opportunities we face. In its simplest form, the master narrative goes like this:1 Since the mid-1990s we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism. From the 1970s to mid-1990s, there was a clear trend across Western democracies toward the increased recognition and accommodation of diversity through a range of multiculturalism policies (MCPs) and minority rights. These policies were endorsed both at the domestic level in some states and by international organizations, and involved a rejection of earlier ideas of unitary and homogeneous nationhood. Since the mid-1990s, however, we have seen a backlash and retreat from multiculturalism, and a reassertion of ideas of nation building, common values and identity, and unitary citizenship — even a call for the â€Å"return of assimilation. † This retreat is partly driven by fears among the majority group that the accommodation of diversity has â€Å"gone too far† and is threatening their way of life. This fear often expresses itself in the rise of nativist and populist right-wing political movements, such as the Danish People’s Party, defending old ideas of â€Å"Denmark for the Danish. † But the retreat also reflects a belief among the center-left that multiculturalism has failed to help the intended beneficiaries — namely, minorities themselves — because it has failed to address the underlying sources of their social, economic, and political exclusion and may have unintentionally contributed to their social isolation. As a result, even the center-left political movements that initially championed multiculturalism, such as the social democratic parties in Europe, have backed 1 For influential academic statements of this â€Å"rise and fall† narrative, claiming that it applies across the Western democracies, see Rogers Brubaker, â€Å"The Return of Assimilation? † Ethnic and Racial Studies 24, no. 4 (2001): 531–48; and Christian Joppke, â€Å"The Retreat of Multiculturalism in the Liberal State: Theory and Policy,† British Journal of Sociology 55, no. 2 (2004): 237–57. There are also many accounts of the â€Å"decline,† â€Å"retreat,† or â€Å"crisis† of multiculturalism in particular countries. For the Netherlands, see Han Entzinger, â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Multiculturalism in the Netherlands,† in Toward Assimilation and Citizenship: Immigrants in Liberal Nation-States, eds. Christian Joppke and Ewa Morawska (London: Palgrave, 2003) and Ruud Koopmans, â€Å"Trade-Offs between Equality and Difference: The Crisis of Dutch Multiculturalism in Cross-National Perspective† (Brief, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen, December 2006). For Britain, see Randall Hansen, â€Å"Diversity, Integration and the Turn from Multiculturalism in the United Kingdom,† in Belonging? Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, eds. Keith G. Banting, Thomas J. Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2007); Les Back, Michael Keith, Azra Khan, Kalbir Shukra, and John Solomos, â€Å"New Labour’s White Heart: Politics, Multiculturalism and the Return of Assimilation,† Political Quarterly 73, No. 4 (2002): 445–54; Steven Vertovec, â€Å"Towards post-multiculturalism? Changing communities, conditions and contexts of diversity,† International Social Science Journal 61 (2010): 83–95. For Australia, see Ien Ang and John Stratton, â€Å"Multiculturalism in Crisis: The New Politics of Race and National Identity in Australia,† in On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West, ed. I. Ang (London: Routledge, 2001). For Canada, see Lloyd Wong, Joseph Garcea, and Anna Kirova, An Analysis of the ‘Anti- and Post-Multiculturalism’ Discourses: The Fragmentation Position (Alberta: Prairie Centre for Excellence in Research on Immigration and Integration, 2005), http://pmc. metropolis. net/Virtual%20Library/FinalReports/Post-multi%20FINAL%20REPORT%20for%20PCERII%20_2_. pdf. For a good overview of the backlash discourse in various countries, see Steven Vertovec and Susan Wessendorf, eds. , The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices (London: Routledge, 2010). Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 3 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE away from it and shifted to a discourse that emphasizes â€Å"civic integration,† â€Å"social cohesion,† â€Å"common values,† and â€Å"shared citizenship. †2 The social-democratic discourse of civic integration differs from the radical-right discourse in emphasizing the need to develop a more inclusive national identity and to fight racism and discrimination, but it nonetheless distances itself from the rhetoric and policies of multiculturalism. The term postmulticulturalism has often been invoked to signal this new approach, which seeks to overcome the limits of a naive or misguided multiculturalism while avoiding the oppressive reassertion of homogenizing nationalist ideologies. 3 II. What Is Multiculturalism? A. Misleading Model In much of the post-multiculturalist literature, multiculturalism is characterized as a feel-good celebration of ethnocultural diversity, encouraging citizens to acknowledge and embrace the panoply of customs, traditions, music, and cuisine that exist in a multiethnic society. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown calls this the â€Å"3S† model of multiculturalism in Britain — saris, samosas, and steeldrums. 4 Multiculturalism takes these familiar cultural markers of ethnic groups — clothing, cuisine, and music — and treats them as authentic practices to be preserved by their members and safely consumed by others. Under the banner of multiculturalism they are taught in school, performed in festivals, displayed in media and museums, and so on. This celebratory model of multiculturalism has been the focus of many critiques, including the following: It ignores issues of economic and political inequality. Even if all Britons come to enjoy Jamaican steeldrum music or Indian samosas, this would do nothing to address the real problems facing Caribbean and South Asian communities in Britain — problems of unemployment, poor educational outcomes, residential segregation, poor English language skills, and political marginalization. These economic and political issues cannot be solved simply by celebrating cultural differences. Even with respect to the (legitimate) goal of promoting greater understanding of cultural differences, the focus on celebrating â€Å"authentic† cultural practices that are â€Å"unique† to each group is potentially dangerous. First, not all customs that may be traditionally practiced within a particular group are worthy of being celebrated, or even of being legally tolerated, such as forced marriage. To avoid stirring up controversy, there’s a tendency to choose as the focus of multicultural celebrations safely inoffensive practices — such as cuisine or music — that can be enjoyably consumed by members of the larger society. But this runs the opposite risk 2 For an overview of the attitudes of European social democratic parties to these issues, see Rene Cuperus, Karl Duffek, and Johannes Kandel, eds. , The Challenge of Diversity: European Social Democracy Facing Migration, Integration and Multiculturalism (Innsbruck: Studien Verlag, 2003). For references to â€Å"post-multiculturalism† by progressive intellectuals, who distinguish it from the radical right’s â€Å"antimulticulturalism,† see, regarding the United Kingdom, Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2000), and â€Å"Beyond Multiculturalism,† Canadian Diversity/Diversite Canadienne 3, no. 2 (2004): 51–4; regarding Australia, James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration, 2nd edition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); and regarding the United States, Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), and David A. Hollinger, Post-ethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism, revised edition (New York: Basic Books, 2006). Alibhai-Brown, After Multiculturalism. 3 4 4 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE of the trivialization or Disneyfication of cultural differences,5 ignoring the real challenges that differences in cultural and religious values can raise. Third, the 3S model of multiculturalism can encourage a conception of groups as hermetically sealed and static, each reproducing its own distinct practices. Multiculturalism may be intended to encourage people to share their customs, but the assumption that each group has its own distinctive customs ignores processes of cultural adaptation, mixing, and melange, as well as emerging cultural commonalities, thereby potentially reinforcing perceptions of minorities as eternally â€Å"other. † This in turn can lead to the strengthening of prejudice and stereotyping, and more generally to the polarization of ethnic relations. Fourth, this model can end up reinforcing power inequalities and cultural restrictions within minority groups. In deciding which traditions are â€Å"authentic,† and how to interpret and display them, the state generally consults the traditional elites within the group — typically older males — while ignoring the way these traditional practices (and traditional elites) are often challenged by internal reformers, who have different views about how, say, a â€Å"good Muslim† should act. It can therefore imprison people in â€Å"cultural scripts† that they are not allowed to question or dispute. According to post-multiculturalists, the growing recognition of these flaws underlies the retreat from multiculturalism and signals the search for new models of citizenship that emphasize 1) political participation and economic opportunities over the symbolic politics of cultural recognition, 2) human rights and individual freedom over respect for cultural traditions, 3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities, and 4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences. This narrative about the rise and fall of 3S multiculturalism will no doubt be familiar to many readers. In my view, however, it is inaccurate. Not only is it a caricature of the reality of multiculturalism as it has developed over the past 40 years in the Western democracies, but it is a distraction from the real issues that we need to face. The 3S model captures something important about natural human tendencies to simplify ethnic differences, and about the logic of global capitalism to sell cosmopolitan cultural products, but it does not capture the nature of post-1960s government MCPs, which have had more complex historical sources and political goals. B. Multiculturalism in Context It is important to put multiculturalism in its historical context. In one sense, it is as old as humanity — different cultures have always found ways of coexisting, and respect for diversity was a familiar feature of many historic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire. But the sort of multiculturalism that is said to have had a â€Å"rise and fall† is a more specific historic phenomenon, emerging first in the Western democracies in the late 1960s. This timing is important, for it helps us situate multiculturalism in relation to larger social transformations of the postwar era. More specifically, multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Prior to World War II, ethnocultural and religious diversity in the West was characterized by a range of illiberal and undemocratic relationships of hierarchy,6 justified by racialist ideologies that explicitly propounded the superiority of some peoples and cultures and their right to rule over others. These ideologies were widely accepted throughout the Western world and underpinned both domestic laws (e. g. , racially biased immigration and citizenship policies) and foreign policies (e. g. , in relation to overseas colonies). 5 6 Neil Bissoondath, Selling Illusions: The Cult of Multiculturalism in Canada (Toronto: Penguin, 1994). Including relations of conqueror and conquered, colonizer and colonized, master and slave, settler and indigenous, racialized and unmarked, normalized and deviant, orthodox and heretic, civilized and primitive, and ally and enemy. Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future 5 MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE After World War II, however, the world recoiled against Hitler’s fanatical and murderous use of such ideologies, and the United Nations decisively repudiated them in favor of a new ideology of the equality of races and peoples. And this new assumption of human equality generated a series of political movements designed to contest the lingering presence or enduring effects of older hierarchies. We can distinguish three â€Å"waves† of such movements: 1) the struggle for decolonization, concentrated in the period 1948–65; 2) the struggle against racial segregation and discrimination, initiated and exemplified by the AfricanAmerican civil-rights movement from 1955 to 1965; and 3) the struggle for multiculturalism and minority rights, which emerged in the late 1960s. Multiculturalism is part of a larger human-rights revolution involving ethnic and racial diversity. Each of these movements draws upon the human-rights revolution, and its foundational ideology of the equality of races and peoples, to challenge the legacies of earlier ethnic and racial hierarchies. Indeed, the human-rights revolution plays a double role here, not just as the inspiration for a struggle, but also as a constraint on the permissible goals and means of that struggle. Insofar as historically excluded or stigmatized groups struggle against earlier hierarchies in the name of equality, they too have to renounce their own traditions of exclusion or oppression in the treatment of, say, women, gays, people of mixed race, religious dissenters, and so on. Human rights, and liberal-democratic constitutionalism more generally, provide the overarching framework within which these struggles are debated and addressed. Each of these movements, therefore, can be seen as contributing to a process of democratic â€Å"citizenization† — that is, turning the earlier catalog of hierarchical relations into relationships of liberaldemocratic citizenship. This entails transforming both the vertical relationships between minorities and the state and the horizontal relationships among the members of different groups. In the past, it was often assumed that the only way to engage in this process of citizenization was to impose a single undifferentiated model of citizenship on all individuals. But the ideas and policies of multiculturalism that emerged from the 1960s start from the assumption that this complex history inevitably and appropriately generates group-differentiated ethnopolitical claims. The key to citizenization is not to suppress these differential claims but to filter them through and frame them within the language of human rights, civil liberties, and democratic accountability. And this is what multiculturalist movements have aimed to do. The precise character of the resulting multicultural reforms varies from group to group, as befits the distinctive history that each has faced. They all start from the antidiscrimination principle that underpinned the second wave but go beyond it to challenge other forms of exclusion or stigmatization. In most Western countries, explicit state-sponsored discrimination against ethnic, racial, or religious minorities had largely ceased by the 1960s and 1970s, under the influence of the second wave of humanrights struggles. Yet ethnic and racial hierarchies persist in many societies, whether measured in terms of economic inequalities, political underrepresentation, social stigmatization, or cultural invisibility. Various forms of multiculturalism have been developed to help overcome these lingering inequalities. The focus in this report is on multiculturalism as it pertains to (permanently settled) immigrant groups,7 7 There was briefly in some European countries a form of â€Å"multiculturalism† that was not aimed at the inclusion of permanent immigrants, but rather at ensuring that temporary migrants would return to their country of origin. For example, mothertongue education in Germany was not initially introduced â€Å"as a minority right but in order to enable guest worker children to reintegrate in their countries of origin† (Karen Schonwalder, â€Å"Germany: Integration Policy and Pluralism in a Self-Conscious Country of Immigration,† in The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices, eds. Steven Vertovec and Susanne Wessendorf [London: Routledge, 2010], 160). Needless to say, this sort of â€Å"returnist† multiculturalism — premised on the idea that migrants are foreigners who should return to their real home — has nothing to do with multiculturalism policies (MCPs) premised on the idea that immigrants belong in their host countries, and which aim to make immigrants 6 Multiculturalism: Success, Failure, and the Future MIGRATION POLICY INSTITUTE but it is worth noting that struggles for multicultural citizenship have also emerged in relation to historic minorities and indigenous peoples. 8 C. The Evolution of Multiculturalism Policies The case of immigrant multiculturalism is just one aspect of a larger â€Å"ethnic revival† across the Western democracies,9 in which different types of minorities have struggled for new forms of multicultural citizenship that combine both antidiscrimination measures and positive forms of recognition and accommodation. Multicultural citizenship for immigrant groups clearly does not involve the same types of claims as for indigenous peoples or national minorities: immigrant groups do not typically seek land rights, territorial autonomy, or official language status. What then is the substance of multicultural citizenship in relation to immigrant groups? The Multiculturalism Policy Index is one attempt to measure the evolution of MCPs in a standardized format that enables comparative research. 10 The index takes the following eight policies as the most common or emblematic forms of immigrant MCPs:11 Constitutional, legislative, or parliamentary affirmation of multiculturalism, at the central and/ or regional and municipal levels The adoption of multiculturalism in school curricula The inclusion of ethnic representation/sensitivity in the mandate of public media or media licensing Exemptions from dress codes, either by statute or by court cases Allowing of dual citizenship The funding of ethnic group organizations to support cultural activities The funding of bilingual education or mother-tongue instruction Affirmative action for disadvantaged immigrant groups12 feel more at home where they are. The focus of this paper is on the latter type of multiculturalism, which is centrally concerned with constructing new relations of citizenship. 8 In relation to indigenous peoples, for example — such as the Maori in New Zealand, Aboriginal peoples in Canada and Australia, American Indians, the Sami in Scandinavia, and the Inuit of Greenland — new models of multicultural citizenship have emerged since the late 1960s that include policies such as land rights, self-government rights, recognition of customary laws, and guarantees of political consultation. And in relation to substate national groups — such as the Basques and Catalans in Spain, Flemish and Walloons in Belgium, Scots and Welsh in Britain, Quebecois in Canada, Germans in South Tyrol, Swedish in Finland — we see new models of multicultural citizenship that include policies such as federal or quasi-federal territorial autonomy; official language status, either in the region or nationally; and guarantees of representation in the central government or on constitutional courts. 9 Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). 10 Keith Banting and I developed this index, first published in Keith Banting and Will Kymlicka, eds. , Multiculturalism and the Welfare State: Recognition and Redistribution in Contemporary Democracies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). Many of the ideas discussed in this paper are the result of our collaboration. 11 As with all cross-national indices, there is a trade-off between standardization and sensitivity to local nuances. There is no universally accepted definition of multiculturalism policies and no hard and fast line that would sharply distinguish MCPs from closely related policy fields, such as antidis